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Alexander III's reign was one of political achievement and personal tragedy. He ruled Scotland with benevolence and skill, making territorial gains - the Hebrides and the Isle of Man - while contriving
to placate the rival factions. The value of Alexander's reign is well illustrated by the reactions to his death. The years that followed produced discord, war and strife and people looked back to the
good government, peace and plenty of Alexander's 'Golden Age' and lamented its passing. As the Scottish chronicler Andrew of Wyntoun put it, 'oure gold wes changyd in to lede'. When Alexander
assumed control of royal government in 1261 the 90-year-old king was determined to meet the expected challenge of a Norwegian attack. This came in August 1263 and there was
fighting at Largs in the Firth of Clyde on 2 October, after which the Norwegian force sailed away northwards. The Scots felt that they had demonstrated that they were well able to defend themselves.
The aged Haakon died in Kirkwell on 16 December and his less warlike successor, Magnus the Law Mender, was prepared for peaceful settlement. On 2 July 1266 he sealed the Treaty
of Perth, whereby Norway made over to Scotland the Western Isles and the Isle of Man in return for 4000 marks and a yearly payment of 100 marks in perpetuity ('The Annual of
Norway') in recognition of Norwegian superiority over the islands. Alexander had been married at the age of 10 to the daughter of Henry III of England, which made Edward I his
brother-in-law. He maintained peaceful relations with England, but while he did homage to the English king for his English estates he firmly insisted that homage for his kingdom was due
to God alone. Despite presiding over a golden age of prosperity for his country, Alexander's life was marred by personal affliction and grief. He lost his son David in 1281 and three years
later his elder son Alexander, newly married at 20, died leaving no heir. In 1281 the king's daughter Margaret married King Erik of Norway and in 1284 their only child, Margaret, was
accepted by the magnates (some of them reluctantly) as the heir presumptive. Alexander married for a second time, this time Yolande of Dreux, and if he had lived longer, then perhaps he might have had more children. At the time of his death he owed large sums of money for wine to a Bordeaux skipper named John Mason so presumably Alexander's life was not entirely cheerless. Alexander was
impetuous and this characteristic was partly the cause of his death. On the night of 19 March 1286 he was hurrying back from Edinburgh to Kinghorn in Fife, to be with his bride of six
months. In darkness and a raging storm Alexander became separated from his guides; as he raced alone in the dark his horse lost its footing on a high cliff. The 44 year old king was
found dead on the shore the following morning. Six hundred years later a monument was erected near the spot. The majority of the magnates rallied in loyalty to Alexanders three year
old grand daughter, Margaret the Maid of Norway, but it was the beginning of dangerous times. Andrew of Wyntoun was one of many who lamented the passing of Alexander III,
whose reign had been one off ale and brede, off wync and wax, off gamyn and glc'. |
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